Ticks are one of the most common parasites dogs encounter while hiking, camping, walking wooded trails, or even playing in their own backyard. Although many tick bites cause little more than temporary irritation, some ticks carry bacteria and other pathogens capable of causing serious illness in both dogs and people.

The good news is that most tick-related problems can be prevented with regular tick checks, effective parasite prevention, and prompt removal of attached ticks. Knowing what to look for—and what to do if you find a tick—can help keep your dog healthy throughout tick season.

What Are Ticks?

Ticks are small, blood-feeding parasites related to spiders and mites. They survive by attaching themselves to mammals, birds, and other animals, feeding on blood before dropping off to continue their life cycle.

While feeding, some species can transmit bacteria, viruses, and parasites that may lead to potentially serious diseases.

Where Are Ticks Found?

Ticks are found throughout much of North America and are especially common in:

• Wooded areas
• Tall grass
• Forest edges
• Shrubs and brush
• Hiking trails
• Campgrounds
• Fields and meadows
• Urban parks

Ticks don’t jump or fly. Instead, they climb onto vegetation and wait for an animal or person to brush past—a behavior known as “questing.”

When Are Ticks Most Active?

Although ticks can be found throughout much of the year, they are generally most active during:

• Spring
• Summer
• Early fall

In some regions, ticks remain active whenever temperatures stay above freezing, even during mild winters.

Why Are Ticks Dangerous?

Most tick bites are not immediately dangerous, but the longer a tick remains attached, the greater the risk of disease transmission.

Depending on the species and your location, ticks may transmit diseases including:

• Lyme disease
• Anaplasmosis
• Ehrlichiosis
• Rocky Mountain spotted fever
• Babesiosis

Not every tick carries disease, and not every bite results in infection, but prevention remains the safest approach.

Signs Your Dog May Have a Tick

Many dogs show no obvious signs while a tick is attached.

You may notice:

• A small bump on the skin
• A dark brown or black tick attached to the skin
• Excessive scratching
• Licking one area repeatedly
• Mild redness around the bite

After spending time outdoors, carefully examine your dog’s entire body.

Where Should You Check?

Ticks commonly attach around:

• Ears and ear folds
• Around the eyes
• Neck and collar area
• Under the front legs
• Between the toes
• Groin area
• Under the tail
• Around the lips and chin

Running your hands slowly over your dog’s coat is often the easiest way to detect small attached ticks.

How to Remove a Tick Safely

If you find a tick, remove it as soon as possible.

1. Use fine-tipped tweezers or a tick removal tool.
2. Grasp the tick as close to your dog’s skin as possible.
3. Pull upward slowly and steadily without twisting.
4. Place the tick in rubbing alcohol or a sealed container for disposal.
5. Clean the bite area with an antiseptic.
6. Wash your hands thoroughly.

Avoid using petroleum jelly, nail polish, alcohol, matches, or other home remedies to force the tick to detach. These methods are ineffective and may increase the risk of disease transmission.

When Should You Contact Your Veterinarian?

Contact your veterinarian if:

• You cannot remove the tick completely.
• The bite becomes swollen or infected.
• Your dog develops a fever.
• Your dog becomes lethargic.
• Your dog stops eating.
• You notice lameness or swollen joints.
• Your dog develops unusual bleeding or bruising.

Symptoms of tick-borne diseases may not appear until days or even weeks after the bite.

How Can You Prevent Tick Bites?

The best protection combines parasite prevention with good outdoor habits.

• Use veterinarian-recommended tick prevention products.
• Check your dog after every hike or walk.
• Keep dogs on established trails.
• Avoid tall grass whenever possible.
• Keep your lawn trimmed.
• Remove leaf litter from your yard.
• Discourage wildlife that may carry ticks.

If you’re camping or hiking, perform a thorough tick check before your dog gets back into the vehicle or tent.

Can Ticks Bite People?

Yes.

Many of the same tick species that feed on dogs will also bite people. Finding ticks on your dog may indicate that ticks are present in the surrounding environment.

After outdoor activities, everyone in the family should perform a tick check.

Frequently Asked Questions

How soon should I remove a tick?

As soon as you discover it. Prompt removal may reduce the risk of disease transmission.

Should I pull a tick off with my fingers?

It’s best to use fine-tipped tweezers or a dedicated tick removal tool to reduce the chance of leaving mouthparts behind.

Can indoor dogs get ticks?

Yes. Dogs may pick up ticks during walks, trips to the park, or time spent in the backyard.

Can my dog get Lyme disease from a tick?

Yes. Certain tick species can transmit Lyme disease, although not every tick carries the bacteria.

Should I save the tick?

In some cases, your veterinarian may recommend keeping the tick in a sealed container if disease testing becomes necessary.

Final Thoughts

Ticks are an unfortunate part of spending time outdoors with your dog, but they don’t have to keep you from enjoying hiking, camping, or exploring nature together. Regular tick checks, prompt removal of attached ticks, and year-round parasite prevention greatly reduce the risk of tick-borne diseases.

By making tick prevention part of every outdoor adventure, you can help ensure your dog stays healthy and ready for many more days on the trail.

Leptospirosis is a potentially serious bacterial infection that can affect dogs, wildlife, livestock, and people. While many dogs recover with prompt veterinary treatment, the disease can cause severe kidney and liver damage and may become life-threatening if left untreated.

Dogs most commonly become infected after drinking, swimming in, or walking through water contaminated with the urine of infected animals. Because the bacteria thrive in warm, moist environments, the risk is highest during the warmer months when many families are hiking, camping, or spending time outdoors.

Fortunately, leptospirosis is largely preventable. Understanding how the disease spreads, recognizing the symptoms early, and seeking immediate veterinary care can greatly improve your dog’s chances of making a full recovery.

What Is Leptospirosis?

Leptospirosis is caused by spiral-shaped bacteria belonging to the Leptospira family. These bacteria infect a wide variety of mammals, including wildlife, farm animals, rodents, and dogs.

Once inside the body, the bacteria spread through the bloodstream before concentrating in organs such as the kidneys and liver. Without treatment, the infection can damage multiple organs and, in severe cases, become fatal.

Leptospirosis is also considered a zoonotic disease, meaning it can spread from animals to people under certain circumstances.

How Do Dogs Get Leptospirosis?

The bacteria are shed in the urine of infected animals and can survive for weeks or even months in damp soil and fresh water.

Dogs may become infected by:

• Drinking contaminated water
• Swimming in lakes, ponds, or slow-moving rivers
• Walking through contaminated puddles or mud
• Contact with infected wildlife urine
• Contact with infected livestock
• Bites from infected animals (rare)

Common wildlife carriers include:

• Raccoons
• Skunks
• Rodents
• Opossums
• Foxes
• Deer

Dogs that spend time hiking, camping, hunting, or living in rural areas generally face a higher risk, although urban dogs can also become infected.

Where Is Leptospirosis Found?

Leptospirosis occurs throughout much of North America and around the world.

The bacteria thrive in:

• Warm climates
• Wet environments
• Standing water
• Flooded areas
• Marshes
• Ponds
• Slow-moving streams

Cases often increase following periods of heavy rainfall or flooding because contaminated water becomes more widespread.

Symptoms of Leptospirosis in Dogs

Symptoms can vary depending on the severity of the infection. Some dogs develop only mild illness, while others become critically ill within a few days.

Common symptoms include:

• Fever
• Lethargy
• Loss of appetite
• Vomiting
• Diarrhea
• Muscle pain or stiffness
• Shivering
• Increased thirst
• Frequent urination
• Dehydration

As the disease progresses, more serious symptoms may develop, including:

• Jaundice (yellow gums, eyes, or skin)
• Kidney failure
• Liver failure
• Difficulty breathing
• Bleeding disorders
• Collapse

Because these symptoms overlap with many other illnesses, veterinary testing is required for an accurate diagnosis.

How Is Leptospirosis Diagnosed?

Your veterinarian will perform a physical examination and review your dog’s recent activities, particularly any exposure to lakes, ponds, wildlife, or flooded areas.

Diagnostic testing may include:

• Blood tests
• Urine tests
• PCR testing
• Antibody testing
• Kidney and liver function testing

Early diagnosis significantly improves treatment outcomes.

Treatment

Most dogs require prompt veterinary treatment.

Treatment commonly includes:

• Antibiotics
• Intravenous fluids
• Medications to control vomiting
• Pain management
• Nutritional support
• Hospitalization for severe cases

Dogs with kidney or liver damage may require intensive supportive care for several days.

Can Dogs Recover?

Many dogs recover fully when treatment begins early.

However, delayed treatment increases the risk of permanent kidney damage, chronic liver disease, or death.

Some dogs may require ongoing monitoring even after they appear to have recovered.

Can Humans Catch Leptospirosis?

Yes.

Leptospirosis can spread from infected animals to people, primarily through contact with infected urine or contaminated water.

Although transmission directly from dogs to people is uncommon, it is still possible.

If your dog is diagnosed with leptospirosis:

• Wash your hands thoroughly after handling your dog.
• Wear gloves when cleaning urine or accidents.
• Disinfect contaminated surfaces.
• Follow your veterinarian’s hygiene recommendations.

Can Leptospirosis Be Prevented?

Prevention is the best defense against leptospirosis.

You can reduce your dog’s risk by:

• Keeping vaccinations current if recommended by your veterinarian.
• Avoiding stagnant ponds and questionable water sources.
• Providing fresh drinking water while hiking or camping.
• Discouraging drinking from puddles or ditches.
• Reducing contact with rodents around your home.
• Cleaning up food that may attract wildlife.

If you’re spending time outdoors, especially near lakes or rivers, carrying fresh water for your dog is far safer than allowing them to drink from natural water sources.

Frequently Asked Questions

Is leptospirosis common in dogs?

Cases occur across North America every year, particularly in areas with abundant wildlife, standing water, or periods of heavy rainfall.

Can vaccinated dogs still get leptospirosis?

Vaccination greatly reduces the risk but does not provide protection against every strain of the bacteria. Preventing exposure to contaminated water remains important.

How long does it take for symptoms to appear?

Symptoms usually develop within four to twelve days after exposure.

Can my dog get leptospirosis from drinking lake water?

Yes. Drinking contaminated water is one of the most common ways dogs become infected, especially if wildlife has contaminated the area with urine.

Should I take my dog to the veterinarian if I suspect exposure?

Yes. Early diagnosis and treatment offer the best chance of a full recovery and help reduce the risk of serious organ damage.

Final Thoughts

Leptospirosis is a serious but largely preventable disease that every dog owner should be aware of, especially if they enjoy hiking, camping, or spending time near lakes, rivers, and other natural water sources. Because the bacteria are spread through the urine of infected wildlife and can survive in moist environments, even clean-looking water may pose a risk.

The best way to protect your dog is to provide fresh drinking water on every outdoor adventure, avoid stagnant or questionable water sources, and talk to your veterinarian about whether leptospirosis vaccination is appropriate for your dog’s lifestyle. If your dog develops signs of illness after outdoor activities, don’t delay—prompt veterinary care can make all the difference.

A peaceful afternoon at the lake can turn into a life-threatening emergency in minutes if your dog encounters toxic blue-green algae.

Every summer, veterinary clinics across North America treat dogs that become seriously ill after drinking contaminated water or swimming in lakes and ponds where blue-green algae are present. Tragically, some dogs die within hours of exposure because the toxins act so quickly.

The danger is that blue-green algae doesn’t always look dramatic or obvious. Sometimes it forms thick green mats floating on the surface, but it can also appear as thin streaks, cloudy water, or even be present in water that looks relatively normal.

Knowing how to recognize the risk—and acting immediately if your dog is exposed—can save your dog’s life.

What Is Blue-Green Algae?

Blue-green algae is the common name for cyanobacteria, microscopic organisms that naturally occur in freshwater lakes, ponds, rivers, and reservoirs.

While many cyanobacteria are harmless, certain species produce extremely powerful toxins that affect the liver or nervous system.

These toxins cannot be seen with the naked eye, and unfortunately there is no reliable way to determine whether an algae bloom is toxic simply by looking at it.

Because of this uncertainty, every suspicious bloom should be treated as potentially dangerous.

Why Are Dogs More Vulnerable?

Dogs are particularly susceptible because they often:

• Drink directly from lakes and ponds
• Swim through algae blooms
• Retrieve balls or sticks from contaminated water
• Lick algae-contaminated water from their fur and paws
• Eat floating algae mats or shoreline debris

Even a relatively small amount of contaminated water may contain enough toxin to cause severe illness.

Where Is Blue-Green Algae Found?

Blue-green algae can develop almost anywhere conditions are favorable.

Common locations include:

• Lakes
• Ponds
• Slow-moving rivers
• Reservoirs
• Marshes
• Farm dugouts
• Irrigation ponds

Blooms are most common during:

• Warm summer weather
• Early fall
• Periods of little rainfall
• Hot, sunny conditions
• Water with high nutrient levels

How to Recognize Blue-Green Algae

Although appearances vary, warning signs often include:

• Bright green surface scum
• Thick paint-like streaks
• Pea soup appearance
• Blue-green or turquoise water
• Green floating mats
• Foam along the shoreline
• Musty or unpleasant odors

However, some dangerous blooms are much less obvious.

If the water looks unusual—or local authorities have posted warnings—keep your dog completely out of the water.

Can Clear Water Still Be Dangerous?

Yes.

While dense blooms are easier to recognize, toxins may remain in the water after a bloom has dispersed or died off.

Wind can also concentrate algae along shorelines where dogs naturally drink.

Never assume water is safe simply because it appears clear.

How Do Dogs Become Poisoned?

Dogs may be exposed by:

• Drinking contaminated water
• Swimming in affected lakes
• Chasing toys through algae
• Eating algae mats
• Grooming themselves after swimming

Many owners don’t realize their dog has been exposed until symptoms begin.

Symptoms of Blue-Green Algae Poisoning

Symptoms often appear within minutes to several hours, depending on the type and amount of toxin involved.

Liver toxin exposure may cause:

• Vomiting
• Diarrhea
• Weakness
• Loss of appetite
• Pale gums
• Abdominal pain
• Collapse
• Jaundice (yellowing of the eyes or gums)

Nervous system toxins may cause:

• Excessive drooling
• Muscle tremors
• Difficulty walking
• Stumbling
• Seizures
• Difficulty breathing
• Paralysis
• Sudden collapse

Because symptoms can progress rapidly, every suspected exposure should be treated as an emergency.

What Should You Do Immediately?

If you believe your dog has been exposed:

1. Remove your dog from the water immediately.
2. Prevent further drinking or licking.
3. Rinse your dog’s coat thoroughly using clean fresh water while wearing gloves if possible.
4. Contact your veterinarian or the nearest emergency veterinary hospital immediately.
5. If available, tell the veterinarian where the exposure occurred and approximately when it happened.

Do not wait for symptoms to develop before seeking advice.

Can Blue-Green Algae Poisoning Be Treated?

Unfortunately, there is no antidote for blue-green algae toxins.

Treatment focuses on supportive care and minimizing toxin absorption.

Your veterinarian may recommend:

• Intravenous fluids
• Medications to control seizures
• Activated charcoal (in some cases)
• Liver-protective medications
• Oxygen therapy
• Intensive monitoring

The sooner treatment begins, the better the chances of recovery.

Can Dogs Recover?

Some dogs recover completely, particularly when exposure is limited and treatment begins quickly.

Unfortunately, severe poisonings can progress rapidly and may be fatal despite aggressive veterinary care.

Prompt recognition and immediate veterinary treatment offer the best chance of survival.

How to Prevent Blue-Green Algae Poisoning

Prevention is far easier than treatment.

When visiting lakes or ponds:

• Carry fresh drinking water for your dog.
• Bring a collapsible travel bowl.
• Never encourage dogs to drink directly from lakes or ponds.
• Obey posted water quality warnings.
• Avoid water with visible algae or unusual coloration.
• Keep dogs on leash near questionable water.
• Rinse your dog after swimming in natural water.
• Prevent dogs from eating shoreline algae or plant material.

When in doubt, choose another location.

Is Blue-Green Algae Dangerous to People?

Yes.

Some cyanobacteria toxins can also affect people.

Children are especially vulnerable because they may accidentally swallow contaminated water while swimming.

Anyone who comes into contact with suspicious algae should wash thoroughly with clean water.

Frequently Asked Questions

Can dogs die from blue-green algae?

Yes. Unfortunately, severe poisonings can become fatal within hours if large amounts of toxin are consumed.

How quickly do symptoms appear?

Symptoms may begin within minutes or several hours after exposure, depending on the toxin involved.

Is every algae bloom toxic?

No.

Many algae blooms are harmless, but it is impossible to determine whether a bloom is toxic simply by looking at it.

For safety, every bloom should be treated as potentially dangerous.

Can my dog get sick just from swimming?

Yes.

Dogs often swallow small amounts of water while swimming and may ingest additional toxins while licking their fur afterward.

Should I rinse my dog after swimming?

If you suspect blue-green algae exposure, rinse your dog immediately using clean fresh water and contact your veterinarian.

Can boiling contaminated water make it safe?

No.

Boiling does not reliably remove cyanobacteria toxins and may actually concentrate some toxins as water evaporates.

Final Thoughts

Blue-green algae is one of the most serious water-related hazards dogs face during the warmer months. Because toxic blooms can develop in lakes, ponds, and slow-moving rivers across North America, every dog owner who enjoys hiking, camping, or spending time near the water should know the warning signs.

The safest approach is simple: bring plenty of fresh drinking water, avoid any water that looks unusual or has posted advisories, and never allow your dog to drink from or swim in suspicious water. If exposure does occur, act immediately—remove your dog from the water, rinse their coat, and seek veterinary care without delay.

A little caution at the shoreline can prevent a tragedy and help ensure your outdoor adventures remain safe and enjoyable for both you and your dog.

You’re relaxing on the couch when you notice your dog sleeping peacefully nearby.

Suddenly, their paws start twitching.

Their ears flick.

A quiet bark escapes.

For a moment, it looks like they’re chasing something in their sleep.

It’s a scene most dog owners have witnessed at some point, and it naturally raises an interesting question:

Do dogs dream?

According to scientists, the answer is almost certainly yes.

While we can’t ask dogs what they dream about, research suggests that dogs experience sleep cycles remarkably similar to our own, including stages associated with dreaming.

What Science Says About Dog Dreams

Scientists have studied sleep patterns in many animals, including dogs.

Like humans, dogs experience different stages of sleep, including:

• Light sleep
• Deep sleep
• Rapid Eye Movement (REM) sleep

REM sleep is particularly important because it’s the stage most closely associated with dreaming in humans.

During REM sleep, brain activity increases, eyes move beneath closed eyelids, and dreams are believed to occur.

Researchers have found that dogs also enter REM sleep, suggesting they experience dreams of their own.

Why Do Dogs Twitch While Sleeping?

If you’ve ever watched a sleeping dog, you’ve probably noticed:

• Paw twitching
• Tail wagging
• Ear movements
• Whisker twitching
• Soft barking or whining

These movements often occur during REM sleep.

While no one knows exactly what a dog is dreaming about, these physical reactions suggest their brain is actively processing experiences while they rest.

In many ways, it appears similar to the way humans react to dreams.

What Do Dogs Dream About?

This is where things get interesting.

Although scientists can’t directly observe the content of a dog’s dreams, researchers believe dogs likely dream about things that are important in their daily lives.

That may include:

• Playing fetch
• Going for walks
• Chasing squirrels
• Meeting other dogs
• Eating treats
• Spending time with family

In other words, your dog is probably not dreaming about filing taxes or answering emails.

They’re likely dreaming about being a dog.

Do Puppies Dream More Than Adult Dogs?

Many experts believe puppies may dream more frequently than adult dogs.

Puppies spend a large portion of their sleep in REM stages, and they are constantly processing new experiences as they learn about the world.

A young puppy’s brain has a lot of information to organize, making sleep—and potentially dreaming—especially important.

If you’ve ever watched a sleeping puppy twitch, kick, or make tiny barking sounds, dreaming may be part of the explanation.

Do Older Dogs Dream?

Absolutely.

Senior dogs continue to experience REM sleep and likely continue dreaming throughout their lives.

In fact, older dogs may occasionally show more noticeable sleep movements because age-related changes can reduce some of the natural mechanisms that limit physical movement during dreams.

Can Dogs Have Nightmares?

It’s possible.

Just as dogs likely dream about positive experiences, they may occasionally dream about stressful or frightening events.

Signs that a dog may be having an unpleasant dream include:

• Whining
• Growling
• Sudden body movements
• Distressed vocalizations

However, it’s impossible to know exactly what they’re experiencing.

Fortunately, most dream-related movements are brief and harmless.

Should You Wake a Dreaming Dog?

Generally, no.

A sleeping dog that appears to be dreaming should usually be allowed to wake naturally.

Just as people can feel disoriented when abruptly awakened, dogs may become confused if startled from a deep sleep.

In rare cases, a startled dog may react instinctively before fully waking up.

If you’re concerned about your dog’s well-being, it’s usually better to gently call their name from a distance rather than touching them directly.

Which Dogs Dream the Most?

Interestingly, research suggests that smaller dogs may dream more frequently, but their dreams tend to be shorter.

Larger dogs often appear to have longer dreams but may experience them less often.

Breed, age, activity level, and individual personality can all influence sleep patterns.

Why Sleep Is So Important for Dogs

Whether they’re dreaming or not, sleep plays a vital role in your dog’s health.

Quality sleep helps support:

• Memory
• Learning
• Physical recovery
• Immune function
• Emotional well-being

Most adult dogs spend between 12 and 14 hours sleeping each day, while puppies and senior dogs often sleep even more.

The Bottom Line

While we may never know exactly what dogs dream about, science strongly suggests that they do dream. Like humans, dogs experience REM sleep, display dream-related movements, and appear to process daily experiences while they rest.

So the next time you see your dog twitching, wagging their tail, or quietly barking in their sleep, there’s a good chance they’re enjoying a dream of their own.

And if they’re running through a field, chasing a tennis ball, and enjoying unlimited treats in that dream?

Well, that sounds like a pretty good night to be a dog.

Most pet owners work hard to provide a safe, comfortable environment for their furry companions. They ensure their pets have nutritious food, regular veterinary care, and plenty of exercise. However, one often-overlooked threat may be hiding inside the home itself: excess moisture and mold.

Moisture problems can occur in basements, bathrooms, crawl spaces, laundry rooms, and even behind walls where leaks go unnoticed. When moisture accumulates, mold can begin to grow, creating potential health concerns for both people and pets. Because animals spend so much time indoors and often explore areas that humans rarely visit, they may be exposed to mold long before homeowners realize there is a problem.

Understanding the connection between moisture, mold, and pet health can help you identify potential risks and take steps to protect every member of your household.

How Mold Develops in the Home

Mold is a type of fungus that thrives in damp, humid environments. It reproduces by releasing tiny spores into the air, which can settle on surfaces and begin growing when moisture is present.

Common causes of indoor mold growth include:

• Plumbing leaks
• Basement moisture
• Roof leaks
• Flooding
• Poor ventilation
• Condensation around windows
• High indoor humidity levels

Mold can grow on drywall, wood, carpeting, insulation, furniture, and other porous materials. In some cases, mold may be visible, while in others it can remain hidden behind walls or under flooring for months.

Why Pets Are Vulnerable

Pets are naturally curious and often spend time in areas where moisture and mold are most likely to occur. Dogs may investigate damp basements, while cats frequently seek quiet spaces behind furniture or near utility areas.

Because animals are closer to the ground, they may also encounter higher concentrations of mold spores that settle on floors, carpets, and bedding. Pets can inhale spores directly or come into contact with mold while exploring affected areas.

Certain animals may be more sensitive than others, including:

• Senior pets
• Puppies and kittens
• Pets with respiratory conditions
• Animals with weakened immune systems
• Breeds prone to allergies

For these pets, even moderate mold exposure may contribute to health problems.

Common Symptoms of Mold Exposure in Pets

The signs of mold exposure can vary depending on the type of mold, the duration of exposure, and the individual animal’s sensitivity.

Some of the most common symptoms include:

• Sneezing
• Coughing
• Wheezing
• Runny nose
• Watery eyes
• Excessive scratching
• Skin irritation
• Hair loss
• Lethargy
• Reduced appetite

In more severe cases, pets may experience breathing difficulties or chronic respiratory issues. If symptoms persist or worsen, veterinary evaluation is essential.

Respiratory Problems and Allergic Reactions

Just like humans, pets can develop allergic reactions to mold spores. Repeated exposure may trigger inflammation within the respiratory system, leading to chronic discomfort.

Dogs and cats suffering from mold-related allergies may exhibit symptoms such as frequent sneezing, persistent coughing, or labored breathing. Pets with pre-existing respiratory conditions may experience more severe reactions.

Because respiratory symptoms can resemble other illnesses, mold exposure is often overlooked as a possible cause. If multiple family members—human or animal—are experiencing allergy-like symptoms, indoor air quality may deserve closer examination.

Skin and Coat Issues

Mold exposure can also affect a pet’s skin. Spores that settle on fur may irritate sensitive skin, particularly when animals groom themselves frequently.

Signs of mold-related skin problems may include:

• Excessive licking
• Persistent scratching
• Red or inflamed skin
• Hot spots
• Hair thinning
• Recurrent skin infections

These symptoms may be mistaken for fleas, food allergies, or seasonal allergies, making proper diagnosis important.

Hidden Moisture Sources Homeowners Miss

Many homeowners assume mold only develops after major flooding or obvious leaks. In reality, mold often grows in less noticeable locations.

Common hidden moisture sources include:

• Slow pipe leaks inside walls
• Condensation around HVAC systems
• Poorly ventilated bathrooms
• Damp crawl spaces
• Leaking window frames
• Basement humidity
• Appliance leaks from washing machines or water heaters

Regular inspections can help identify moisture problems before mold has an opportunity to spread.

Protecting Your Pets from Mold Exposure

Preventing moisture buildup is one of the most effective ways to reduce mold risks. Homeowners should address water problems promptly and maintain healthy indoor humidity levels.

Helpful prevention strategies include:

• Repairing leaks immediately
• Using dehumidifiers in damp areas
• Improving ventilation
• Cleaning and drying water-damaged materials quickly
• Monitoring indoor humidity levels
• Inspecting basements and crawl spaces regularly
• Replacing mold-contaminated materials when necessary

Keeping pet bedding clean and dry can also help minimize exposure.

When Professional Help Is Needed

Small moisture issues can often be addressed by homeowners, but larger mold problems may require professional remediation. If mold growth is widespread, repeatedly returns after cleaning, or affects structural materials, professional assessment is often the safest solution.

Similarly, pet owners should consult a veterinarian if their animals develop persistent respiratory, skin, or allergy-related symptoms. Identifying the source of the problem is an important part of protecting your pet’s long-term health.

Creating a Healthier Home for Your Pets

A healthy home environment benefits every member of the family, including pets. While moisture and mold may not always be visible, their effects can be significant. By controlling humidity, addressing leaks quickly, and monitoring for signs of mold growth, homeowners can reduce potential health risks and create a safer living space.

Your pets rely on you to protect them from dangers they cannot recognize. Taking moisture and mold seriously is one more way to ensure they enjoy a happy, healthy life by your side.

If they are not spayed, female dogs have periods just like humans do. The first cycle, also called an estrus, tends to happen when the dog is 6 months old, but there are factors that influence this occurrence, such as the weather or the animal’s health.

In today’s article, we’re looking at everything you should know about dog periods, especially if you’re considering adopting or buying a female puppy.

What are the stages of a heat cycle?

Before we move on to describing the symptoms of periods in dogs and other such details, it is important to look at why the period itself happens in the first place. Although it is a little different compared to that in humans, the whole point of the cycle is to result in ovulation and, therefore, the possibility of puppies.

Typically, a dog’s heat cycle can be split up into 4 main stages. There’s bleeding for a period of up to a week or 10 days, then a similar period where the female dog actually wants to be bred, so she accepts to mate with males, and then there’s a final 7 to 10-day period where the dog’s body starts going back to normal.

The final stage consists of the up to 6 months that pass between one estrus and the next, where the female’s ovaries do not produce any eggs, and therefore, she doesn’t have any period, either.

Do dogs produce period blood?

There’s only one answer to this question, and it is yes. Like any other mammal, dogs have periods that result in bleeding, even though they experience their heat cycles at different times throughout the year or at different distances from one another compared to other species.

Some female dogs are unique, so instead of bleeding for one week in the proestrus part of the heat cycle, they might do it until they are no longer fertile. The biggest amount of blood will be noticeable in the beginning, though, so that’s when owners will notice not just the bleeding but also the following:

• Vulva swelling
• Personality modifications
• A little lethargy
• Changes in the dog’s appetite
• Tail tucking between the legs

After the heat cycle ends, your female dog will no longer be receptive to males, will no longer experience any bleeding, and will not have any puppies if she hasn’t mated – for a period of up to 150 days or more (so at least five months).

It’s important to note here that spaying your dog is a good idea if you want to prevent any unwanted pregnancies – male dogs are extraordinarily resourceful when it comes to mating with females in their heat periods, so they will go to any length possible to breed your dog. Plus, spaying prevents some pathologies, such as pyometra (uterine infections), as well as ovarian and breast cancer.

Do dogs get period cramps?

Your dog is not going to be extremely comfortable while they are experiencing their estrus period, especially in the first 7 to 10 days. Not only is their body bombarded by a hormonal charge all of a sudden, but that also results in bleeding, so there is some degree of discomfort that your pet feels.

Pain symptoms can, of course, vary a lot from one dog to the next, but if we’re strictly discussing period malaise, you might notice the following symptoms:

• Irritability
• Fatigue
• Anxiety or fear
• Occasional aggression
• Whining
• Weakness
• Trembling
• Restlessness

There’s also a thing called ‘period poop’ where because of the changes that happen at a local level in the dog’s abdomen and pelvic cavity, their normal transit is somewhat influenced, so your pet’s stools might end up being a little softer than normal. Some dogs can actually experience diarrhea when they get their periods.

If the discomfort is a bit higher, they might also experience vomiting or a lack of appetite for food or water, in which case we recommend going to your local vet clinic and seeing what could be at the root of the issue.

How to relieve period cramps in dogs

Unless your veterinarian instructed you to, we advise not giving your dog anti-inflammatory medication, especially if it is not specifically designed for veterinary use. Human NSAIDs can cause real problems in dogs, maybe with the exception of Benadryl, but even that you should give to your pet only in certain situations.

There are pet-specific painkillers, though, and you can ask your vet for a prescription for one. CBD oil treats might help, too, and if your dog tends to experience digestive distress when they start going into their heat cycle, adding probiotics to their diet might solve a bit of the issue.

Some herbal teas might also be beneficial, such as lavender or valerian tea, both of which can calm an anxious dog, especially one that has never gone into heat before.

Keep your dog in a safe, clean, and calm place, and understand that their body is going through some changes right now and that they might not exactly know what’s happening.

If the bleeding is getting out of control, you can use pet-appropriate diapers. In most cases, the amount of blood is not even noticeable, especially if your pet lives outdoors in their dog house in the warm season.

Meat can be given to dogs on occasion, especially to those whose appetite hasn’t really been the same recently or those that need better diets compared to the low-quality kibble they’ve received throughout their life, for example.

And while in the wild, dogs do eat meat from the prey they catch, it is almost always fresh. It’s quite rare that a dog will eat spoiled meat, unless they are extremely hungry and they haven’t had anything to eat in quite a while.

In today’s article, we’re discussing whether dogs are allowed to eat spoiled meat, if you can feed it to them even if you cook it extremely well, and some health risks that you might be exposing your pet to with this practice.

Can you give your dog spoiled meat?

The simple answer to this question is no, but in some situations, the answer to the same question is that it depends.

If the meat is spoiled per se, meaning that it’s not just past its expiration date but it also has gone bad, it is never safe to feed to pets, regardless of the temperature and amount of time you cook it.

However, if you go to the store and there’s beef expiring on that day, you probably have nothing to worry about if you go home and cook it straight away, without waiting for three days before finally giving it to your pooch.

In other words, it all comes down to common sense when giving meat to dogs. Do keep in mind that raw meat is always dangerous, even when it is fresh, because you really can’t know how it was handled or how the animal it comes from was slaughtered – such as whether or not the intestinal contents came in contact with the meat per se.

That is always a risk that needs to be considered, so cooking the meat is always a good idea, even when you want to give it to your pet and you don’t want to eat it yourself.

Why is spoiled meat risky for dogs?

Dogs can get food poisoning as much as people can after eating food with spoiled ingredients or spoiled meals per se.

We talked about how important cooking the meat before giving it to your pet is, but when you do that, you’re basically killing the bacteria and other dangerous germs that can be found in the meat. However, even if you do kill the microorganisms themselves, there are certain toxins that they tend to release in the fibers, and these can also lead to your dog developing all sorts of digestive symptoms.

Some of the most common clinical signs that a dog that has eaten spoiled meat can experience are vomiting or diarrhea.

If you also don’t cook the spoiled meat properly and there are remnants of certain bacteria in it, your dog can truly end up at the emergency veterinary hospital with extreme diarrhea, fever, shivers, dehydration, nausea, and pretty much all of the symptoms that a classic case of food poisoning can cause.

Just to give you an idea, some of the most common germs that can be found in spoiled meat are the following:

• Salmonella spp.
• Bacillus spp.
• Clostridium spp.
• Campylobacter spp.
• Escherichia spp.
• Pseudomonas spp.
• Enterobacter spp.
• Aeromonas spp.

These are just a few bacterium species that we mentioned, but there are different types of molds that can grow on spoiled meat too, and they can cause other symptoms:

• Penicillium
• Cladosporium
• Sporotrichum
• Mucor
• Alternaria

These molds release mycotoxins into the meat, and they are the culprits for the food poisoning per se and some symptoms you might notice in your dog in that case would be shortness of breath, diarrhea, nausea, or fever. The signs aren’t very different compared to the classic bacterial food poisoning.

How dogs can eat spoiled meat without getting sick

There are certain degrees of decomposition – we use the word ‘spoiled’, but we all know that it can be fresher or older and that it can cause food poisoning or not.

There are necrophages in the world that survive by eating dead animals. However, if an animal is dead for a week, chances are that even a well-known necrophage such as a hyena is not going to eat it.

There’s a difference between eating the corpse of an animal that died in the last few hours and one that has been dead for more than 72 hours.

How can you tell if the meat is spoiled?

If you’ve been keeping minced meat in the fridge for more than 3 days, even though you can’t smell it or see any visual modifications such as changes in color, chances are that it is spoiled and it is not fit for human consumption. But 2-3 days of keeping it in the fridge, depending on certain signs, might mean that it’s ok to eat by animals, especially if you cook it properly.

Meat that you should never feed to your dog smells bad, whether rancid or not. You feel the smell and it puts you off. It also differs in texture compared to fresh meat, meaning that it might have some sort of mucus on the surface or it could be unusually sticky.

The color, too, can be an important factor. If the meat has started to turn green or blue, it’s time to throw it in the trash rather than put your own health or your dog’s health in danger.

Do you have to feed meat to your dog?

As your veterinarian is likely to advise you, even though your dog might be interested in a piece of steak or some other meaty meal you might have prepared for yourself, it’s not always good to give them meat.

If you feed your dog a healthy, high-quality diet consisting of food manufactured from good ingredients, no by-products, no artificial colors, preservatives, or anything else that might damage your dog’s body rather than sustain it, there’s probably no need for you to give them meat anyway.

Granted, sometimes meat can go on special, especially if it is expiring on that day, but in that case, you can make a meal for yourself, save some of the meat and forgo seasoning it, and give that to your dog.

Do not leave meat in the fridge for days on end and then consider it safe to feed to your dog.

Lumps and bumps can appear for a wide range of reasons on a dog’s body, but they can be somewhat alarming for any responsible pet owner. Skin tags are an example of what you might find on your pet’s body and while it is a good idea to understand what they are and take them to the vet, you should not be panicked about them immediately.

Read on to find out more about skin tags, what they can be, and when you should feel worried about them.

What are skin tags?

Skin tags can be any type of small and benign growth that you might notice on your dog’s face, elbows, armpits, hips, or trunk. Sometimes they might even grow around your pet’s mouth or around their eyelids.

While in most cases, they do not put your dog’s health at risk, they can become infected, especially if they rupture or if your dog is constantly scratching the area and accidentally creating a wound.

What does a skin tag look like?

A skin tag can often be mistaken for a tick, especially one that hasn’t completed feeding yet. These growths are white, and there is no discharge coming out of them (or blood) so long as they weren’t ruptured by a type of trauma or even friction.

In general, skin tags are a lot lighter in color when compared to scabs, warts, and even some types of tumors, such as hemangiomas. The majority maintain their size and do not spread to other areas, but they also don’t disappear and reappear like some types of warts, especially the viral kind called papillomas.

Causes of skin tags on dogs

First of all, there are some breeds that are more likely to develop skin tags compared to others, and they are the following:

• Poodles
• Miniature Schnauzers
• Cocker Spaniels

Besides this genetic predisposition, they can appear in all dogs, regardless of age, gender, or general health status. They do seem to be somewhat more common in larger and giant breeds.

They tend to appear in areas where there’s constant friction, such as in the shoulder or hip areas. If the dog is sleeping on a hard surface, this can also lead to the development of skin tags.

But what is important to remember is that in most cases, they are not painful, and they do not cause any degree of discomfort to the dog. They also cannot be passed from one dog to the other or to people, for that matter, so they can’t be considered contagious.

Diagnosis of skin tags

If this is the first skin tag your dog might have developed, you will naturally feel worried about its nature. Fortunately, there are many diagnostic methods these days that can be utilized to rule out more potentially negative growths such as tumors.

Veterinarians usually rely on two types of diagnostic techniques. The first is cytology, and it involves the collection of a number of cells from the tag itself using a fine needle aspirate method.

There is also the option of the tag being completely removed with surgery, in which case a histopathology specialist can analyze the sample under the microscope and determine if it is benign or malignant and if it is a neoplastic growth, exactly what type it is and what stage of development it has reached.

In terms of cost, the price of such a diagnosis can vary largely depending on factors that pertain to the animal and if their general health is alright or factors that deal with where you are located and the types of clinics available in your area. In most cases, you should expect to pay anything ranging from $200 to $300 or more for the pathology report only.

Usually, other tests, such as a complete blood count and biochemistry, along with anything else that your vet might recommend, have to be added to that calculation.

How are skin tags treated?

If the growth is diagnosed as being completely benign, your vet might recommend surgery for its removal. However, do keep in mind that there are many dogs that are middle-aged or seniors that have tags on their bodies that never end up affecting their health.

The skin tag can be cauterized if you are wary about general anesthesia – a mild sedative and a local anesthetic usually get the job done, especially if the tag isn’t attached to any of the surrounding or underlying tissues at all.

Do not try to treat your dog’s skin tags at home. More often than not, some of the home remedies you will come across online are not only ridiculous, but they can also put your dog’s health at risk. Using string or floss or trying to remove it through any forceful methods can be dangerous for everyone involved – plus you will also create a wound that will require treatment anyway.

It is always better to know exactly what your dog has on their body and only then understand what the best way to treat it is.

Is there any way to prevent skin tags on dogs?

As previously mentioned, some breeds are just more predisposed to developing skin tags compared to others. Besides taking your pet to the animal hospital regularly so that your vet can give them a check-up and also look at their body, there aren’t a lot of things you can do in the way of preventing skin tags.

But because any self-inflicted wound can end up developing into a skin tag, you should make sure that you treat your dog’s external parasites regularly so that they don’t develop an allergy and that you give them a well-balanced diet for skin health.

Avoiding harnesses or collars that are too tight and that could cause chafing is another good idea since this can also cause skin tags in time.

Blood in the urine is never a good sign, no matter the species that it appears in. Some dogs that show this symptom could develop severe complications, which is why veterinary assistance is necessary as soon as possible.

In today’s article, we’re looking at this clinical sign in depth and seeing what it is caused by, what other symptoms it is associated with, how the condition that has led to it is diagnosed, and more.

What causes blood in a dog’s urine?

While there are multiple factors that can lead to this outcome, they can be split into several different categories themselves. Some of them pertain to the upper urinary tract, whereas others pertain to the lower urinary tract.

Some causes that are unrelated to these two primary types range from infectious diseases and trauma (such as an accident) to chemotherapy and vasculitis or any other form of inflammatory disease. Some dogs can have coagulopathies, so that can be another cause.

As for the upper urinary tract ones, they are listed below:

• Kidney stones
• Kidney infections
• Kidney cancer
• Idiopathic renal hematuria (a fancy name for a condition that has no cause regardless of the number of diagnostic tests performed)

Several lower urinary tract causes of hematuria in canines can be found below:

• Bladder stones
• Bladder infections
• Urinary crystals (and associated infections)
• Bladder cancer
• Prostate conditions (one of the most common ones is benign prostatic hyperplasia)

Now that we’ve gotten the main possibilities out of the way, we would like to note that, in some cases, pet guardians might confuse hematuria with estrus. While the majority of female dogs do not eliminate massive amounts of blood when they are in heat, they will sometimes express it when they urinate, which can alarm their owners.

Finally, another cause that can lead to your dog eliminating blood in their urine can be poisoning. Some toxic substances, particularly rat poison, can cause hematuria along with other clinical signs.

Other symptoms that pet owners might notice

While hematuria can be the only sign that you might notice in some cases, depending on the exact factor that has caused it, you might see additional ones.

We already mentioned toxic substances. A dog that has been poisoned will act in a strange manner, such as having low to no tolerance to exercise, having a hard time breathing, being extremely lethargic all of a sudden, and more. Depending on the poison, some dogs might cough, or their abdomen might become distended.

In the event of an infection, the dog will experience pain when urinating, will strain to do so very often during the day, and will continuously lick their urinary opening. Passing stones can be very painful, too, so dogs might effectively howl because of the discomfort they experience when this happens.

If the ‘blood in urine’ situation is actually caused by estrus, your female dog’s vulva will be more swollen than normal, and droplets of blood will be visible in the area before and after she urinates and after she sits for some time.

What should you do if your dog is urinating blood?

Even if it’s not something extremely serious that has caused this symptom, you should take your canine friend to the veterinary clinic as soon as possible.

If your dog ate rat poison, they could lose their life before the end of the day. In some conditions, time is of the essence, so you could be risking your dog’s life and well-being if you do not get veterinary assistance as soon as possible.

Should your pet behave more or less normally, you can set up an appointment for a consultation in the next few days, but if they’re lethargic, don’t engage in any exercise, have zero appetite for food or water, or they have a fever, get them to the emergency veterinary clinic right away.

Diagnosis of blood in dog urine

There are several different ways of diagnosing the condition that has led to this symptom. Besides a physical examination, the vet will use urinalysis to tell what’s happening with your dog’s pee. Regular blood tests such as a complete blood count and biochemistry can also be helpful.

Imaging techniques such as an ultrasound or contrast radiography for the bladder can be extremely helpful, especially when it comes to diagnosing growths, crystals, or even tissue thickening or suspicious lesions.

Fortunately, veterinary medicine has advanced hugely in the past decades, so there are many ways to tell what’s wrong with your dog if they are passing bloody urine.

Treatment options

The therapy can vary a lot from one case to the next, and the reason for that is the variety of causes that can lead to this symptom.

If an infection is diagnosed, your dog will be prescribed antibiotics. It is of utmost importance that you stick to your vet’s recommendations and give them the treatment until the end.

As for the other conditions, it all depends on your dog’s age and general health and whatever treatment is available. These days, even kidney and bladder tumors respond well to treatment, including chemotherapy, surgery, and radiation therapy.

Bladder stones can be removed with an operation, whereas treatment for urinary crystals can involve immediate therapy plus a significant change in your pet’s diet.

There are a lot of options that you need to look into with your veterinarian to make sure you end up choosing the best one.

Can you prevent your dog from passing bloody urine?

Since hematuria is a symptom and not a disease in itself, it’s very difficult for you to prevent it. You can prevent your dog from getting poisoned, though, and you can ensure that their urinary health is in good condition especially once they hit the age of 6 to 7.

Males should have their prostate checked at least yearly or twice a year particularly in their senior years. Making sure your dog is vaccinated against potentially life-threatening diseases along with feeding them a healthy diet are two other ways to prevent urinary pathologies.

Dogs have always had a better sense of smell compared to people and other species, and it has allowed them to benefit from an advantage over other animals – in feeding, mating, and also in socializing with other dogs and humans.

Read on to find out more about how a dog’s sense of smell allows them to interact with the world and how different it is compared to ours.

Fun Facts About a Dog’s Sense of Smell

A dog’s nose can detect emotions

If you’ve been a dog owner for a while, you probably know that your pet can tell when you are feeling stressed or sad – they might even try to calm you down.

This is because dogs are capable of telling how you are feeling based on the smell of your skin. Whenever you have a specific emotion, your perspiration smells in a different way, which allows Fido to understand what’s going on with you.

The same rule applies to people who don’t like dogs or who are scared of them because they’re doing something bad. Burglars can be a lot more intimidated by dogs if the latter feel that they can scare them away as effortlessly as possible.

Your pet’s sense of smell is impossible to fool

Even if everything seems to be fine with a person or another animal, a dog will be able to tell if something is amiss just by smelling them.

The same goes for environments that involve body fluids – if your canine friend smells another potentially dominant dog’s scent, they’ll go out of their way to mark that territory.

Some dog noses are better than others

Believe it or not, a dog’s anatomy actually has a lot to say when it comes to how effective their sense of smell is. Brachycephalic breeds such as French Bulldogs do not tend to smell as well as their counterparts, particularly dogs with long noses.

The longer the nose, the higher the number of receptors in it – which is why breeds like the Bloodhound, the German Shepherd, or the Labrador Retriever will smell better compared to a Pug.

A wet nose is better than a dry one

Not only is a dry nose a potential sign that a pet might have a fever, but it’s also not capable of doing any service to its owner.

A cold and wet nose is much more effective when it comes to picking up scents, so a coating of mucus inside and on the surface of the nose makes it easier for the pet to interact with the world around them.

There are no good or bad smells

Given how powerful their sense of smell is, you might think that dogs tend to get disgusted by certain scents in much the same way that people do. That couldn’t be farther from the truth.

While dogs do have their preferences, especially when it comes to food, the way they look at it is a little different compared to how we, humans, see it. They can actually tell the ingredients of a certain dish, kibble, or canned variety, instead of seeing it as a ‘yummy meal.’

Why dogs smell each others’ butts

Apparently, dogs smell each others’ nether regions not only to be able to tell if their new friends are females or males but also to find out how they stand in the hierarchy of the area, what their personality is, and what behaviors they might expect from them.

A dog’s nose can tell time

Certain scents lose their potency as time goes by, whether it’s because of dust, wind, rain, or other weather factors or just because they don’t have the same amount of pheromones in them.

Consequently, a dog can tell (or at least make a rather correct assumption about) when the last time another dog went through the same area, whether it was an hour ago or yesterday.

Smelling and breathing happen differently for a dog

One of the main reasons why dogs can smell so well, especially compared to other species, is that they can breathe and smell at the same time. This constant circulation of air allows the scent chemicals to better reach every receptor on the mucous membrane of the olfactory sensing area.

A special pheromone-detecting organ

Another aspect that makes dogs and humans so different from one another is that the first actually have a vomeronasal organ that’s particularly designed to pick up on hormones released by animals and people.

This not only allows them to understand what emotions we are experiencing, but it also enables them to know practical things, such as whether or not a female in heat has recently been in the same area.

Licking enhances a dog’s smell

Anyone who has ever had a bad cold where they lost their sense of smell knows that the sense of taste follows almost immediately. There’s an undeniable connection between these two senses, and in a dog’s case, it’s even stronger.

Even if your dog doesn’t lick the area they are smelling, by licking their nose while sniffing on it, they’re effectively improving their information processing – once again, a wet nose does its job a lot better compared to a dry one.

How much better do dogs smell compared to humans?

Dogs are equipped with three hundred million olfactory receptors in their noses. By comparison, humans have just six million. Consequently, a dog can smell at least 10,000 times better than a person, even if they’re brachycephalic.

Furthermore, the part of a dog’s brain where scents are processed is up to 40 times larger than the same one in humans.

The two types of tachycardia that do present problems and that are caused by pathological factors are atrial tachycardia and ventricular tachycardia.

Atrial tachycardia is almost always caused by either cardiac disease or conditions that have affected the dog’s body to such an extent that the heart stops functioning normally along with the rest of the other organs.

Ventricular tachycardia can have one or several different causes, such as the following:

• Pulmonary conditions
• Cancer
• Pancreatitis
• Birth defects
• Gastrointestinal conditions
• Medication overdose
• Anemia
• Myocarditis
• Low blood pressure
• Infection
• Shock
• Fever
• Abnormal serum levels of potassium or calcium
• Splenic disease

A rapid heart rate, complete with all of the complications that it can cause, is a risk that tends to affect certain dog categories more than others – pregnant dogs, those that have primary heart disease, or those undergoing treatment for thyroid conditions have a much higher likelihood of experiencing the worst symptoms of tachycardia.

When ventricular tachycardia happens, time is of the essence. The ventricles are in charge of pumping the blood from the heart to all of the other organs, so when they start malfunctioning, the dog could lose their life in a short amount of time.

Some dogs are more likely to have ventricular tachycardia simply because they are born this way – Boxers are a good example of a breed that’s more predisposed to it.

What symptoms does tachycardia cause?

Regardless of the exact type that a dog might be experiencing (particularly if they have ventricular tachycardia), the clinical signs that can be noticed are typical for an acute malfunction of the heart.

Consequently, pets can experience the following:

• Lethargy
• Intolerance to any form of exercise, including climbing the stairs or jumping on the couch
• Fainting
• Shortness of breath
• Fever
• Pale mucous membranes
• A weak pulse
• Confusion
• Sudden collapse

Some dogs can simply die after beginning to experience the symptoms of ventricular tachycardia without their pet owners even having the time to take them to the veterinary clinic. If you know that your dog has a heart condition and you start noticing some of the previously mentioned symptoms, take them to the animal hospital right away.

How is a rapid heart rate diagnosed?

While there are a variety of tests that can be performed when you get to the vet, in both atrial and ventricular tachycardia, the only diagnostic method that can lead to an accurate and clear diagnosis is an electrocardiogram (an ECG).

If the heart rate is not ventricular and seems to have an unapparent cause, the vet will perform a number of effort tests, along with a chemical blood profile, urinalysis, a complete blood count, and a wide range of other tests that could lead to a different diagnosis.

Since a rapid heart rate can also be caused by pulmonary conditions, it is of utmost importance for the vet to rule out any lung disease, including cancer.

In some situations, a Halter monitor might be able to provide valuable information as to how the dog’s heart functions over a period of 24 hours – especially in cases where the tachycardia is not life-threatening. Any medication that is administered for the symptom itself can lead to changes in the way the heart functions, so using a Halter monitor could be worthless as the results might be inaccurate, especially after treatment is initiated.

How is tachycardia treated?

Until a diagnosis is confirmed, tachycardia can only be seen as a symptom instead of a disease, which means that the dog can only receive symptomatic therapy so that their condition is stabilized and they don’t risk losing their life.

After the cause of the clinical picture is discovered, the vet could administer a number of medications that solve both the primary issue that has led to the rapid heart rate and the clinical sign itself.

Antiarrhythmic therapy does exist, and in veterinary medicine, the two most common medications that are used for this purpose are sotalol and lidocaine. Procainamide is also utilized to treat ventricular tachycardia, along with two other conditions, atrial fibrillation, and ventricular premature complexes.

Atenolol and amiodarone are also commonly utilized for treating tachycardia, with the second one being more popular in Europe than in North America at this time. A combination of mexiletine and atenolol or sotalol seems to be quite effective in reducing the intensity of the symptoms of ventricular tachycardia.

In supraventricular tachycardia that causes the dog to experience a heart rate higher than 240 beats per minute, drugs such as dobutamine or diltiazem can prove to be more or less effective.

Recovery and prevention of rapid heart rate in dogs

Continuous monitoring can be quite helpful when it comes to dogs that have been treated for tachycardia. There are also a number of lifestyle changes that pet owners have to ensure to prevent the symptom (or condition) from recurring, such as limiting the amount of strenuous exercise that the dog gets, helping them lose weight and more.

Keeping your dog’s arrhythmia in check at home can be done with the prescription medication that your vet has recommended. In general, dogs with heart conditions or whose cardiac muscle has been affected (whether more or less) need to be kept under strict observation. Consequently, you may need to take your pet to the vet once a month after treatment and once every 2-3 months until their condition improves.

Some heart complications may never be prevented, especially if they are caused by birth defects or even electrolyte imbalances. The majority of pet diets these days are somewhat balanced in this respect, but every dog’s body is different, so they can develop cardiac symptoms for a wide range of reasons.

The mucous membrane color of a dog can give you a clue as to how they are feeling and even if they’ve recently experienced an event that could be life-threatening.

Physiologically, the color of your dog’s gums, tongue, or conjunctiva should be pale pink. But in some conditions, this color can be changed dramatically by a variety of mechanisms that kick in when a dog’s health is in danger.

In today’s article, we’re looking at some of these color changes and what they might mean. We’re also looking at how the diseases or accidents that lead to them can be diagnosed, treated, and prevented.

Evaluating your dog’s mucous membranes at home

Besides the color, which is, of course, important as it needs to be pale pink at all times, there are some things that you should pay attention to when it comes to a pet’s mucous membranes.

First of all, the easiest mucous membrane to evaluate would be the gums, but if your dog is reluctant when it comes to you touching their mouth, you can at least assess the color and overall appearance of the mucous membranes by looking at the inner part of their eyelids.

If the mucous membranes are sticky, it could be a sign of dehydration. If you apply pressure to an area of your dog’s gums for three seconds, you can actually assess the capillary refill time, which is an indicator of how well your dog’s blood circulation is functioning.

While you can do all of these assessments at home, they are in no way a replacement for actual veterinary assistance. If your dog is depressed, vomiting, having trouble breathing, or exhibiting any other worrying symptoms and their mucous membranes don’t look as they normally do, call your vet as soon as possible.

Abnormal colors to look out for and what they might mean

White, pale, and slightly pale

White gums are never a good sign as they could be an indication that there’s internal bleeding happening somewhere and your dog is losing a lot of blood quickly – it goes without saying that this color can show up in accidents, for example, so veterinary assistance is required immediately.

Pale and slightly pale gums can mean anemia, which can be produced by a variety of factors, from blood-clotting abnormalities to autoimmune diseases. Shock and kidney disease can be two other conditions at the root of this symptom.

Red

The exact type of red can mean different things in this case. Bright, almost cherry-like red mucous membranes might be an indication that the dog has either eaten something toxic or has been exposed to something else that’s poisonous, such as carbon monoxide. This color shows up in pets that have high blood pressure, too.

On the other hand, slightly red mucous membranes can be an indication of gingivitis or local oral health issues, whether that be from periodontal disease, irritation, or an infection.

Purple or blue

These two colors are almost always an indication that your dog’s blood isn’t oxygenating properly.

Whether it’s because of asthma, choking, or hypothermia, or because they have developed a form of heart disease that makes it impossible for enough blood to be pumped into their main circulation, blue or purple is never a good color when it comes to your dog’s visible mucous membranes.

Brown or black spots

Unless your dog is a breed where these spots are actually normal, or they were born with them for any reason, brown and black spots could be a sign that your dog might have developed some sort of oral complication or that they might have contracted a viral disease.

If the color is gray to brown, they might have developed methemoglobinemia, which can happen if you gave your dog Tylenol or they somehow ingested a few acetaminophen pills. By the way, some human medications, especially those for pain, such as ibuprofen or acetaminophen, are a no-go for dogs as they can cause havoc in their systems.

Yellow

Yellow mucous membranes, whether that be a dog’s gums, skin, lids, or any other, is a sign of icterus. Also known as jaundice, this condition is caused by an unusual accumulation of yellow pigment in the blood and tissues.

Normally, this pigment (bilirubin) is eliminated through the bile and the normal digestive process. Yellow mucous membranes can also show up when a large destruction of red blood cells has taken place, such as in damages to the spleen or when the bile duct is obstructed.

When to bring your dog to the veterinary clinic

Whenever you see any changes in your dog’s mucous membrane color, you should take them to the vet. In some cases, time is of the essence as your pet might have suffered some form of organ failure, so they need to receive treatment as early as possible.

Given that mucous membrane color changes can also show up in severe intoxications, time is of the essence.

How are mucous membrane color changes diagnosed and treated?

Since the majority of the causes leading to such modifications are internal, there could be several different diagnostic methods that your veterinarian might use to make sure that they reach an accurate diagnosis. These can range from imaging techniques like ultrasonography or x-rays or more advanced ones such as MRI or CT scans to blood tests for biochemistry or a complete blood count.

A physical examination rarely leads to a clear diagnosis, in the sense that besides the capillary refill time (which can be tested), there’s no way of knowing what has caused the change in the mucous membrane color. Of course, if an oral health issue is at the root of the problem, a physical examination could prove its worth, but even in this case, additional testing is required, such as dental x-rays, for example.

As for the treatment, it can vary largely depending on the cause. In icterus, for example, which causes the mucous membranes to become yellow, depending on the degree of liver damage, the treatment can last for months before the organ recovers its capacity. If the gallbladder needs to be removed, then an operation will be performed, and the dog may have to eat a certain diet for the rest of their life.

If the pale or white color is caused by internal bleeding, the pet will need to be stabilized, and the hemorrhage will have to be also stopped with surgery (following a series of diagnostic tests).

When mucous membranes look different

Some dogs have different physical features compared to others, which can make the examination of mucous membranes a little more challenging. For example, there are breeds that naturally boast pigmented gums, such as some Airedales, Mastiffs, or Newfoundlands.

The majority of the breeds that do have pigmented mucous membranes still have some spots that are pink or that show their true color, but that is not the case for all dogs. In most Chow-Chows, the gums are black across their entire surface, while their tongues are blue – which makes the task of assessing their mucous membrane a little challenging. Still, even in these dogs, the sclera and the ear flaps can be examined for changes.

Fever can be a symptom of numerous health complications. It is particularly common in infections, but it can be caused by multiple other factors. Hyperthermia can be considered dangerous because, especially when it reaches levels of more than 103F, it can cause havoc to a dog’s body.

In today’s article, we’re looking at everything you should know about fever – what it is, what it is caused by, what you can do at home, and when you should take your pet to the veterinary clinic.

What is fever?

Fever is a dog’s body’s natural reaction against one form of aggression. While it can’t be theoretically considered a negative response, the truth is that fevers can cause a lot more complications.

Sometimes, the body’s immune system can have an exaggerated reaction and can cause severe hyperthermia, leading to the destruction of cells and tissues, along with coagulation problems and more.

Some dog categories are more sensitive to hyperthermia, and they consist of puppies, pregnant dogs, and seniors. Physiologically, they have less capable immune systems, which means that they can also experience the more negative complications of fever, to the point that they lose their life a lot faster compared to perfectly healthy adult dogs.

Causes of canine hyperthermia

In most cases, fevers are caused by infections or factors outside of the dog’s body that lead to an increase in body temperature that can’t be regulated (a good example is heatstroke).

However, hyperthermia can occur in a wide range of other conditions or complications, such as the following:

• Poisoning
• Hyperthyroidism
• Mycotoxicosis
• Severe allergies
• Certain autoimmune diseases such as IMHA (immune-mediated hemolytic anemia), lupus, or immune-mediated polyarthritis
• Medications
• Extreme anxiety

Symptoms you might notice if your dog is hyperthermic

The clinical picture of fever can largely differ from one pet to the next and also depending on the exact cause that has led to this outcome. If the dog has been poisoned by a toxic material, they are going to exhibit different symptoms compared to a dog that has contracted a viral respiratory infection such as kennel cough.

In general, all animals that are hyperthermic can show some (if not most or all) of the following symptoms:

• Lethargy
• Absence of appetite for food
• Increased appetite for water
• Shivering
• Panting
• Coughing or vomiting
• Warm ears and dry nose

How to take your dog’s temperature

Your veterinarian will advise you on the exact types of thermometers that you can keep in your home just to be on the safe side of things and that are safe and accurate for dogs. Rectal thermometers are by far the most effective ones in the sense that they provide the most reliable result.

Nevertheless, if your dog is very reluctant when it comes to you measuring their body temperature in that way, you can use an infrared thermometer (also known as an ear thermometer). Just make sure that you place it as close to the inner ear mucous membrane as possible (deep into the ear canal).

Old-fashioned glass thermometers, especially those filled with mercury, should be avoided in pets. Animals can sometimes have unpredictable reactions, and the last thing you’d want would be for your dog to have glass shards in their ear or anus in case something happens.

If you have a helper or your dog allows you to measure their temperature rectally, it is highly recommended that you use a lubricant such as petroleum jelly or at least baby oil (if you really have nothing else available).

When should you take your dog to the vet?

It depends on how high the fever is and how long it lasts, but it’s a good idea to take your dog to the animal hospital whenever their body temperature crosses the threshold of 103F.

A fever that’s higher than 106F can lead to serious organ damage and can even cause death, so time is of the essence. Your dog needs to be administered antipyretic medication to prevent such complications.

How is fever diagnosed?

Fever itself is a symptom, not an illness, so besides taking your dog’s temperature with a thermometer, there is no way of ‘diagnosing’ it. However, in this case, the matter is a little more complex, especially when the cause isn’t that apparent.

A number of tests might be necessary in order to determine what has led to the dog being hyperthermic – and these could range from blood tests such as biochemistry or a complete blood count to urinalysis, ultrasonography, x-rays, or more advanced ones such as CT or MRI.

The cause needs to be discovered so that the dog receives the right type of treatment. Otherwise, the veterinarian will only be able to give them symptomatic therapy so that they don’t continue to be hyperthermic and risk losing their life.

How is fever in dogs treated?

The only way to make your dog feel better at home would be to cool them down externally, not internally. Antipyretic human medication is not safe to use in dogs, so you should not attempt to give your dog Tylenol or any other drugs you might have in your cabinet as they can cause a variety of unpleasant symptoms, including vomiting, constipation, lethargy, and sometimes even kidney or liver damage.

Ibuprofen and Aleve are also a no-go for dogs as they can cause a number of life-threatening health complications in this species.

The only positive things that you can do is to cool down your dog’s body by applying soaked towels to their ears or paws, using a fan, or even placing bottles of cold water near their body.

Because dogs that have a fever tend to get dehydrated fast, try to convince your dog to drink more water (or bone broth).

As for how fever is treated at the vet, there are multiple medications that the veterinarian can use for the purpose. One of them is Meloxicam, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug used in both dogs and cats that can not only relieve inflammation and pain but can also lower fever.

Another example is Metamizole, also known as dipyrone, a non-opioid antipyretic and analgesic.

The only medication that has mild antipyretic properties and that can be used by pet owners at home is Carprofen, which is generally prescribed to dogs that have chronic arthritis, for example.

Some of these drugs have side effects themselves, even though they are much safer compared to human medications – the most common one is gastrointestinal upset, with some dogs experiencing either diarrhea or vomiting.

As for the cause of the fever, once it is discovered, the dog can receive the appropriate treatment. Infections can be treated with specific medications, whether that be antibiotics, antivirals, or even antifungal drugs. The symptoms of some allergies can simply be alleviated rather than the condition being treated fully. Your vet will administer the correct therapy depending on whatever’s at the root of the hyperthermia.

Recovery and prevention of fever in dogs

The prognosis largely depends on the severity of the hyperthermia and the damage it has caused to the dog’s system. If your pet has a fever and you get veterinary assistance immediately, once they are hospitalized and given antipyretics, they at least have a chance of being treated for whatever disease they might have contracted or developed.

If any degree of kidney damage has happened, the dog might have to be cared for differently, in the sense that they should receive a special diet and their hydration should always be maintained to the best levels.

Some patients need to be kept in the hospital for up to a week until they recover, and in some cases, even then, their recovery is not guaranteed.

Consequently, our best advice to you as a pet owner would be to act as quickly as possible if you notice your dog exhibiting signs of hyperthermia and you measure their temperature, and they have a fever.

Frequently asked questions

How can you tell if your dog has a fever?

While your dog can feel a little warmer than usual, the only way to be sure that they do have a fever is to measure their body temperature using a rectal or ear thermometer.

What can you give a dog for fever?

NSAIDs can have an antipyretic effect, so if you have some Carprofen in your house, you can give your dog a dose while you’re cooling their body externally and preparing to take them to the vet.

Is Tylenol good for dog fever?

While some vets might actually recommend that you give your canine friend a very small dose of Tylenol as it can help with fever, the side effects definitely outweigh any positive reaction that your dog might have from being administered this medication.

At least call your vet to ask about the appropriate dosage to make sure that your pet doesn’t end up suffering from a severe case of poisoning besides the fever itself.

The normal heart rate of dogs should be 60 to 100 beats per minute. However, small dogs and puppies tend to have a higher heart rate, sometimes averaging 100 to 160 and even 180 beats per minute.

Bradycardia is what happens when a dog’s heart beats slower than expected. It can be caused by a wide range of factors, and it is more or less physiological in some breeds. Read on to find out more about low heart rates in this species, sinus bradycardia, and what to do if you think your pooch has it.

When can a low heart rate be normal?

First of all, your dog’s heart beats differently when they are engaged in any form of exercise and when they are at rest. The numbers that we have mentioned at the beginning of this article are for the resting heart rate, so when your dog has been sitting still or even sleeping for more than 5-10 minutes.

Some dog breeds can have a lower heart rate compared to others, and in their case, it is completely physiological. Here are a few examples:

• West Highland White Terriers
• Cocker Spaniels
• Pugs
• Dachshunds

What causes a low heart rate in dogs?

There are two pathological reasons why a dog’s heart might beat slower than normal, and they consist of a heart block and a sick sinus syndrome. A heart block happens when the AV node isn’t functioning normally, whereas a sinus syndrome is caused by a malfunction of the sinoatrial node.

In both of these cases, there is an emergency mechanism that kicks in so that the heart does continue to work and the pet remains alive. However, since it is not functioning at its normal capacity, the dog will show a number of symptoms, such as sudden collapse, weakness, fainting, or severe exercise intolerance.

Sinus bradycardia is somewhat more common than heart block, which is why we will discuss it more in the following sections.

Symptoms of sinus bradycardia in dogs

We’ve already mentioned some typical clinical signs that can be noticed in this condition, but here are a few more that pets might show:

• Slow breathing
• A decrease or lack of muscle coordination
• Confusion
• Exhaustion

Dogs can be suspected to have sinus bradycardia when their heart rate is lower than some specific limits. For example, for large dogs, that threshold is 60 beats per minute, but for small ones, it’s 100 beats per minute. Because the heart rate of puppies is normally higher than that of adults, in their case, bradycardia can happen when they have fewer than 150 to 160 heartbeats per minute.

What causes sinus bradycardia?

There is no general cause, so every dog is different, and their clinical picture might also be unique.

Pets that are extremely athletic can experience sinus bradycardia merely because their organs get properly oxygenated without their hearts having to work as hard as those of animals that don’t regularly engage in exercise.

Other causes of sinus bradycardia are listed below:

• Hypocalcemia
• Hypomagnesemia
• Hypothermia
• Hypothyroidism
• Diseases that affect the normal function of the heart (whether they be digestive, respiratory, or neurological)
• Anesthesia

How is a low heart rate diagnosed?

You can measure your dog’s heart rate at home by placing your hand on their chest and counting the number of pulses that you can feel over a 10 or 15-second period.

The vet will do the same at the clinic but will use a stethoscope – especially since this device allows them to hear any heart murmurs or particular changes in the heart rhythm.

As for the additional diagnostic methods that a veterinarian can utilize in this case, they consist of an ECG and an echocardiogram – the second being elected, especially in cases where the vet feels that the dog might need to have an artificial pacemaker installed.

How is canine sinus bradycardia treated?

Because bradycardia can occur physiologically in some cases, that also means that your dog might not have to receive any specific treatment. Rest is highly recommended to all pets that are diagnosed with a lower heart rate than normal, but if no underlying cause is detected and there’s no change in either the way the AV or sinus node functions, no type of additional therapy may be required.

There are medications that can help your dog’s heart work normally, but sometimes installing a pacemaker might prove to be much more effective, especially because it works so well when it comes to ‘rewiring’ the heart.

Unfortunately, the procedure itself is risky as pets have to be put under. The operation also has risks, including infection and abnormal heart rhythms. Therefore, depending on the dog’s age and general health status, they might first have to be stabilized with intravenous medication and only then be considered for the placement of an artificial pacemaker.

Every sedation comes with a share of risks, and they range from hypotension and arrhythmias to hypothermia and hypoventilation, so talk to your veterinarian about what they feel is the right solution for your pet.

References:

Short-Term Heart-Rate Variability in Healthy Small and Medium-Sized Dogs Over a Five-Minute Measuring Period, Radu Andrei Baisan, Eusebiu Ionut Condurachi & Vasile Vulpe, J. Vet. Res., 2020: NCBI

Indications for Permanent Pacing in Dogs and Cats, R. A. Santilli et al, J. Vet. Cardiol., 2019: Pub Med

Outcome and Survival in Canine Sick Sinus Syndrome and Sinus Node Dysfunction: 93 cases (2002-2014), J.L. Ward et al, J. Vet. Cardiol., 2016: Pub Med

When they are completely at rest, dogs should take 15 to 30 breaths per minute, regardless of any pathologies they might have. If your dog is breathing slower or faster than these limits, you should feel a little concerned and take them to the veterinary clinic.

In today’s article, we’re looking at what high and low respiratory rates are and when they can be normal or pathological. Read on to find out more!

The respiratory rate can differ from one dog to the next

While the average breathing rate that a dog is supposed to have is indeed 15 to 30 breaths per minute, this number can actually vary a lot from one breed to the other. When you bring your canine friend to the veterinary clinic, the vet will usually measure the breaths per 10 or 20 seconds and multiply that so that they get an average per minute.

But the most important thing is that the dog should be completely at rest in order for the respiratory rate to be relevant. If your dog is overly stressed because you’ve taken them to the animal hospital, you will need to wait until they calm down in order for the vet to be able to measure the respiratory rate properly.

As previously mentioned, there are some differences among breeds. Consequently, large dogs will take fewer breaths compared to their small counterparts, therefore breathing around 15 times per minute. Small dogs can breathe 25 to 30 times per minute.

Puppies have an average of 20 breaths per minute, too, so they’re somewhat in the middle of adult large and small breeds.

What causes an increased respiratory rate?

Also known as tachypnea, an increased respiratory rate can have physiological and pathological causes.

The physiological factors typically consist of an attempt of the dog’s body to compensate for something – whether your dog’s trying to cool down faster or compensate for the fact that they’ve engaged in strenuous exercise and it takes time for them to get back to normal, a higher respiratory rate is perfectly normal in these situations.

Pathologically, an increase in the respiratory rate can be caused by respiratory disease (edema, for example, causes a dog to take more shallow breaths because they can’t fully breathe in), blood circulation issues where the blood isn’t getting enough oxygen, and the amount of it that reaches the organs is insufficient (poisoning, carbon monoxide exposure, etc.), or neuromuscular disease.

Quick breathing can be a sign of shock in the event of an accident, too, but it can also show up if the animal has a fever and they’re trying to cool down using this method.

Any condition that leads to pain can cause rapid breathing because, in this case, it is a form of coping mechanism. Here are some other examples of conditions that can lead to the same symptom:

• Heat stroke
• Nausea
• Windpipe issues
• Foreign objects
• Hernia

Some breeds are more likely to breathe faster due to their anatomies, such as Boston Terriers and Pugs.

What causes a decreased respiratory rate?

Also known as bradypnea, a decreased respiratory rate is rarely normal. If your dog is a small breed and they’re taking fewer than 10-15 breaths per minute, you should feel worried and take them to the vet – even if they aren’t showing any other clinical signs.

Bradypnea can occur in certain health conditions, such as damage to the respiratory nerve centers that regulate breathing – which can obviously occur in the event of accidents.

Bradypnea can also happen as a result of poisoning, lung disease, choking, and heart disease. Other potential causes are listed below:

• Allergies
• Injuries to the chest wall
• Pulmonary cancer
• Aspiration pneumonia
• Fungal infections
• Anesthesia

How to evaluate your dog’s breathing at home

Evaluating your dog’s breathing in the comfort of your home is particularly important if you are caring for a pet that has chronic heart disease (or other conditions that might make blood oxygenation or normal breathing problematic).

Dogs that are older than 8 or 9 are more predisposed to various chronic conditions, including cardiac pathologies – especially if they also have obesity or diabetes and aren’t getting the right amount of exercise that they should.

Count your dog’s number of breaths per 30 seconds and multiply it by 2 to find out their respiratory rate. If your dog is taking less than 30 breaths per minute and they are not exhibiting any other symptoms, chances are that nothing is out of the ordinary.

If your dog’s taking fewer than 15 breaths per minute or more than 30 breaths per minute, you should count the rate a couple of more times to make sure that it’s correct and then contact your veterinarian.

Checking your dog’s breathing rate at home is important, especially if your dog lives with heart disease. Cardiac patients need to have their respiratory rate checked at least once a day, depending on how severe their condition is.

Heart disease and changes in the respiratory rate of dogs

The problem with heart disease, especially heart failure, is that it is rarely associated with particular symptoms. Most animals develop respiratory signs first, and when they’re taken to the veterinary clinic, they are usually diagnosed with a heart complication ‘by surprise’.

Cardiac pathologies are varied, and they can produce a wide range of additional symptoms. The majority of dogs that develop them will have a respiratory rate faster than normal in a desperate attempt to properly oxygenate their blood flow.

Other signs you might notice are the following:

• Inability to exercise properly
• Fainting
• Lack of interest in food or water
• A large abdomen
• Coughing
• A respiratory rate higher than 30 per minute, even when fully at rest
• Weakness
• Depression

Final thoughts

The respiratory rate is an essential vital in dogs as it can let pet owners know if something is wrong and if their canine companion requires veterinary assistance. If your dog is not taking 15 to 30 breaths per minute when they are resting or sleeping, they might need to be seen by a vet.